Godot Tutorial: Craft Your Own Paper Bag Vest For A Sustainable Survival Adventure

Craft Your Own Chic Paper Bag Vest: A Step-by-Step Tutorial

A paper bag vest tutorial guides crafters in creating a trendy and versatile vest inspired by the classic paper bag design. This DIY project gained popularity for its accessibility, affordability, and stylish outcome. With minimal materials and basic sewing skills, fashion enthusiasts can transform ordinary paper bags into unique fashion statements.

The paper bag vest's popularity stems from its comfort, versatility, and eco-friendly nature. It offers a relaxed silhouette suitable for various occasions, from casual outings to beachy vacations. Moreover, the use of recycled paper bags aligns with sustainable fashion practices, reducing waste and promoting creativity.

Historically, the paper bag vest emerged as a symbol of resourcefulness and practicality during the 1930s Great Depression. As people sought affordable alternatives to traditional clothing, they turned to repurposing available materials, including paper bags. The trend resurfaced in the 2000s as part of the broader upcycling movement, gaining traction among environmentally conscious fashion enthusiasts.

In this comprehensive tutorial, we'll delve into the detailed steps of crafting your own paper bag vest, providing clear instructions, helpful tips, and creative variations. Get ready to embark on a journey of fashion and sustainability as we transform humble paper bags into a stylish and eco-friendly wardrobe staple.

Paper Bag Vest Tutorial

Understanding the essential aspects of a paper bag vest tutorial is crucial for creating a stylish and eco-friendly fashion piece. The following key points shed light on various definitions, functions, benefits, and challenges associated with this DIY project:

Upcycling: Transforming waste materials into new products.
Sustainability: Promoting environmentally conscious fashion practices.
Creativity: Encouraging unique and personalized designs.
Affordability: Utilizing inexpensive and accessible materials.
Versatility: Suitable for various occasions and styles.
Comfort: Providing a relaxed and comfortable fit.
Skill Level: Beginner-friendly, requiring basic sewing knowledge.
Materials: Paper bags, fabric scraps, scissors, needle, thread.
Variations: Embellishments, patterns, different paper bag sizes.
Challenges: Durability, water resistance, finding suitable paper bags.

These points underscore the significance of paper bag vest tutorials in promoting sustainable fashion, fostering creativity, and providing affordable style options. The upcycling aspect aligns with the growing movement towards reducing waste and embracing eco-friendly practices in the fashion industry. The tutorial's simplicity and accessibility make it an ideal project for beginners, while the potential for variations encourages personalization and unique designs. However, considerations such as durability and water resistance may pose challenges that require innovative solutions. Overall, understanding these key points helps crafters navigate the tutorial effectively and create a stylish and sustainable paper bag vest that aligns with their individual preferences and needs.

Upcycling

The concept of upcycling, which involves transforming waste materials into new products, holds a significant connection to the paper bag vest tutorial. This tutorial demonstrates how to create a stylish and eco-friendly fashion item from discarded paper bags, embodying the principles of upcycling.

Cause and Effect: Upcycling serves as the driving force behind the paper bag vest tutorial. The tutorial's primary goal is to provide instructions for transforming waste paper bags into a new and useful product, showcasing the transformative power of upcycling. This cause-and-effect relationship highlights the potential of upcycling to reduce waste and promote sustainable fashion practices.

Components: Upcycling is an essential element of the paper bag vest tutorial, as it forms the foundation of the project. The tutorial relies on the concept of upcycling to guide individuals in repurposing paper bags into a fashionable vest. This illustrates how upcycling can be incorporated into various creative endeavors, extending its impact beyond waste reduction to include fashion and personal style.

Examples: The paper bag vest tutorial offers a tangible example of how upcycling can be applied in practice. The tutorial provides step-by-step instructions, allowing crafters to transform paper bags into a stylish and functional vest. This real-life instance demonstrates the feasibility and creativity involved in upcycling, inspiring others to embrace this sustainable approach.

Applications: Understanding upcycling in the context of the paper bag vest tutorial has practical implications. It raises awareness about the potential of upcycling to create unique and eco-friendly fashion items. This knowledge empowers individuals to contribute to waste reduction efforts while expressing their personal style. Moreover, it encourages experimentation with different upcycling techniques, fostering a culture of creativity and resourcefulness.

In conclusion, the connection between upcycling and the paper bag vest tutorial underscores the importance of upcycling as a sustainable practice in fashion. The tutorial serves as an informative and inspiring example of how upcycling can transform waste materials into stylish and functional products. While challenges such as durability and water resistance may arise, these can be addressed through innovative solutions and material selection. The broader theme of this article highlights the need for conscious consumption and creative reuse of materials, promoting a more sustainable approach to fashion and waste management.

Sustainability

The paper bag vest tutorial encompasses sustainability as a fundamental principle, encouraging the use of upcycled materials and promoting eco-friendly fashion practices. By transforming discarded paper bags into a stylish vest, the tutorial highlights the potential of sustainable fashion to create unique and environmentally conscious clothing items.

Reduced Waste: By upcycling paper bags, the tutorial diverts waste from landfills and reduces the environmental impact associated with the production of new materials.
Resource Conservation: The tutorial promotes resource conservation by utilizing existing materials instead of relying on virgin resources, thereby reducing the demand for new materials and associated environmental costs.
Lower Carbon Footprint: Upcycling paper bags into a vest requires less energy and resources compared to conventional manufacturing processes, resulting in a lower carbon footprint and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Creative Expression: The tutorial encourages creativity and self-expression through the process of upcycling, empowering individuals to create unique and personalized fashion items while contributing to sustainability.

These aspects of sustainability in the paper bag vest tutorial align with the broader theme of promoting environmentally conscious fashion practices. The tutorial serves as an example of how individuals can make sustainable choices in their fashion consumption and contribute to a more circular and eco-friendly fashion industry. By embracing upcycling and reusing discarded materials, the tutorial challenges conventional notions of fashion and encourages a more mindful and responsible approach to clothing.

Creativity

Within the context of the paper bag vest tutorial, creativity plays a pivotal role in fostering unique and personalized designs. The tutorial empowers individuals to transcend conventional fashion boundaries and express their individuality through the upcycling process.

Material Selection: Crafters can select paper bags with various colors, patterns, and textures, allowing for a wide range of design possibilities.
Customization: The tutorial provides a basic foundation, encouraging crafters to modify and embellish the vest according to their personal preferences, such as adding pockets, appliques, or embroidery.
Pattern Variation: Crafters can experiment with different cutting techniques and patterns to create vests with distinct shapes, silhouettes, and lengths.
Upcycling Techniques: The tutorial introduces fundamental upcycling techniques that can be applied to other projects, fostering a broader understanding of sustainable fashion and creative reuse.

These aspects of creativity not only enhance the uniqueness of each paper bag vest but also contribute to the overall theme of sustainability by promoting resourcefulness, reducing waste, and encouraging a circular fashion economy. Moreover, the tutorial inspires crafters to think critically about fashion consumption and explore alternative, more sustainable approaches to personal style.

Affordability

Within the context of the paper bag vest tutorial, affordability emerges as a significant advantage, making it an accessible and budget-friendly fashion project.

Paper Bags as Primary Material: Paper bags, the primary material for the vest, are readily available and often free or low-cost, reducing the overall project expenses.
Minimal Additional Materials: The tutorial calls for basic sewing supplies, such as scissors, needle, and thread, which are commonly found in most households or can be purchased at affordable prices.
Simplified Construction: The vest's design is straightforward and beginner-friendly, requiring basic sewing skills and techniques, thus eliminating the need for specialized equipment or extensive experience.
Upcycling as Cost-Effective Approach: The upcycling aspect of the tutorial promotes a cost-effective approach to fashion, allowing individuals to repurpose discarded materials into new and stylish items.

The affordability of the paper bag vest tutorial aligns with the broader theme of sustainability by encouraging resourcefulness and reducing the consumption of new materials. By utilizing inexpensive and accessible materials, the tutorial empowers individuals to create eco-friendly fashion items without compromising their budget. Moreover, the tutorial's emphasis on upcycling discarded materials contributes to a circular fashion economy, reducing waste and promoting sustainable consumption practices.

Versatility

Within the realm of paper bag vest tutorials, versatility manifests as a key attribute, enabling the vest's adaptability to diverse occasions and styles. This versatility stems from several factors that contribute to the tutorial's effectiveness and appeal.

Cause and Effect: Versatility directly influences the tutorial's popularity and broad applicability. Its ability to cater to various occasions and styles makes it an attractive choice for individuals seeking a single vest that can seamlessly transition between different settings and aesthetics.

Components: Versatility serves as an integral component of the paper bag vest tutorial, influencing its design principles and construction techniques. The tutorial provides instructions for creating a vest with a relaxed and comfortable fit, suitable for casual outings or beachy vacations. Additionally, it offers guidance on incorporating embellishments or variations to elevate the vest's style for more formal occasions.

Examples: Real-life instances of versatility in action include fashion bloggers showcasing their paper bag vests in various settings, from street style to beachwear. These examples illustrate the vest's versatility and its ability to complement different personal styles and occasions.

Applications: Understanding versatility in the context of the paper bag vest tutorial has practical implications for crafters and fashion enthusiasts. It empowers individuals to create a versatile wardrobe staple that can be dressed up or down, depending on the occasion. This versatility encourages sustainable fashion practices by reducing the need for multiple garments for different occasions, promoting a more conscious and eco-friendly approach to personal style.

In summary, versatility plays a crucial role in the paper bag vest tutorial, influencing its popularity and applicability. The tutorial's focus on creating a versatile vest empowers individuals to embrace sustainable fashion practices while expressing their personal style and adapting to diverse occasions. While challenges such as durability and water resistance may arise, these can be addressed through innovative material selection and construction techniques. Ultimately, the versatility of the paper bag vest tutorial aligns with the broader theme of sustainable fashion by promoting resourcefulness, reducing waste, and encouraging the creation of timeless and adaptable fashion items.

Comfort

In the realm of paper bag vest tutorials, comfort emerges as a key consideration, influencing the overall design and construction of these stylish garments. This emphasis on comfort stems from several factors that contribute to the tutorial's effectiveness and appeal.

Cause and Effect: Comfort directly impacts the tutorial's popularity and broad applicability. By prioritizing a relaxed and comfortable fit, the tutorial caters to a wide range of individuals seeking versatile and easy-to-wear fashion items. This focus on comfort ensures that the paper bag vest becomes a wardrobe staple, suitable for various occasions and personal styles.

Components: Comfort serves as an integral component of the paper bag vest tutorial, guiding the selection of materials and construction techniques. The tutorial emphasizes the use of soft and breathable fabrics, such as cotton or linen, which provide a comfortable feel against the skin. Additionally, the loose-fitting design and minimal seams contribute to the vest's overall comfort and ease of movement.

Examples: Real-life instances of comfort in action include fashion enthusiasts showcasing their paper bag vests in various settings, from casual outings to beach vacations. These examples illustrate how the vest's comfortable fit allows for effortless style and all-day wearability.

Applications: Understanding comfort in the context of the paper bag vest tutorial has practical implications for crafters and fashion enthusiasts. It empowers individuals to create garments that prioritize personal comfort and well-being. This focus on comfort encourages sustainable fashion practices by promoting the creation of timeless and versatile pieces that can be worn frequently and enjoyed for years to come.

In summary, comfort plays a crucial role in the paper bag vest tutorial, influencing its popularity and applicability. The tutorial's emphasis on creating comfortable and relaxed garments empowers individuals to embrace sustainable fashion practices while prioritizing their personal comfort and style. While challenges such as durability and water resistance may arise, these can be addressed through innovative material selection and construction techniques. Ultimately, the focus on comfort in the paper bag vest tutorial aligns with the broader theme of sustainable fashion by promoting resourcefulness, reducing waste, and encouraging the creation of timeless and wearable fashion items.

Skill Level

In the realm of paper bag vest tutorials, the skill level requirement plays a pivotal role in shaping the tutorial's accessibility and effectiveness. This section delves into how the beginner-friendly nature and basic sewing knowledge requirement of these tutorials interact and influence various aspects of the tutorial experience.

Cause and Effect: The beginner-friendly approach of paper bag vest tutorials directly impacts their popularity and broad appeal. By catering to individuals with limited sewing experience, these tutorials empower a wider audience to engage in sustainable fashion practices and express their creativity through DIY projects. This ease of use encourages more people to embrace upcycling and repurposing, contributing to waste reduction and the circular fashion economy.Components: The beginner-friendly nature of paper bag vest tutorials is an essential element in their design and execution. The tutorials typically involve straightforward steps, clear instructions, and minimal technical jargon. They often include detailed visual aids, such as diagrams and photographs, to guide crafters through each stage of the process. This user-friendly approach ensures that even those with limited sewing skills can successfully create a stylish and functional paper bag vest.Examples: Real-life instances of beginner-friendly paper bag vest tutorials abound online. Fashion and lifestyle blogs, video-sharing platforms, and dedicated craft websites offer a wealth of resources catering to novice sewers. These tutorials demonstrate how individuals with basic sewing knowledge can transform ordinary paper bags into unique and wearable fashion items.Applications: Understanding the beginner-friendly skill level requirement of paper bag vest tutorials has practical implications for crafters and fashion enthusiasts. It opens up opportunities for individuals to learn a new skill, engage in sustainable fashion practices, and create personalized clothing items without the need for extensive sewing experience. This accessibility promotes inclusivity in the world of fashion and encourages a more conscious approach to clothing consumption.In summary, the beginner-friendly nature and basic sewing knowledge requirement of paper bag vest tutorials play a crucial role in their popularity, accessibility, and effectiveness. These tutorials empower individuals to embrace sustainable fashion practices, express their creativity, and create unique clothing items with minimal technical expertise. While challenges such as durability and water resistance may arise, these can be addressed through innovative material selection and construction techniques. Ultimately, the beginner-friendly approach of these tutorials aligns with the broader theme of sustainable fashion by promoting resourcefulness, reducing waste, and encouraging a more circular and inclusive fashion economy.

Materials

Within the realm of paper bag vest tutorial, the significance of materials cannot be overstated. These materials, comprising paper bags, fabric scraps, a pair of sharp and sturdy Fabric Scissors, a dependable Needle, and strong Thread, form the foundation upon which these stylish vests are constructed. Their role in the paper bag vest tutorial is multifaceted, contributing to both the creative process and the final outcome.

Cause and Effect:

The selection of materials in the paper bag vest tutorial has a profound impact on the final vest. The choice of paper bag, ranging from sturdy grocery bags to vibrant gift bags, determines the overall look and durability of the vest. Fabric scraps, whether repurposed from old clothing or sourced from a local fabric store, introduce unique textures, patterns, and colors into the design. These materials, carefully assembled with the aid of a sturdy needle and durable thread, breathe life into the tutorial, allowing crafter's creativity to flourish.

Components:

The materials utilized in the paper bag vest tutorial serve as essential elements, each playing a distinct role in the creation process. Paper bags provide the primary structure and impart their inherent characteristics, such as strength and flexibility, to the vest. Fabric scraps, carefully chosen and incorporated, add visual appeal and individuality. Scissors, sharp and precise, ensure clean cuts, while a sturdy needle glides through multiple layers of fabric, enabling secure stitching. Strong thread, selected for its durability and resistance to wear, binds the materials together, ensuring the vest's longevity.

Examples:

Real-life instances of the paper bag vest tutorial illustrate the transformative power of these materials. Crafter's across the globe have showcased their creativity by fashioning paper bag vests in a myriad of styles and color combinations. From vibrant summer vests adorned with fabric scraps to minimalistic designs that highlight the natural beauty of the paper bag, these vests have become a testament to the potential inherent in repurposed materials.

Applications:

The understanding of materials in the paper bag vest tutorial extends beyond its creative potential. This knowledge empowers individuals to make conscious choices, selecting materials that align with their values and lifestyle. Whether opting for eco-friendly paper bags and organic fabrics or reusing materials from unworn clothing, these choices contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry. By understanding the impact of materials, crafter's can actively promote slow fashion and encourage responsible consumption.

Summary:

The exploration of materials in the paper bag vest tutorial highlights the delicate balance between creativity, sustainability, and personal expression. The choice of materials not only influences the final design but also reflects the crafter's values and commitment to sustainable fashion. While considerations such as material durability and water resistance may pose challenges, these can be addressed with innovative techniques and careful material selection. Ultimately, the paper bag vest tutorial serves as a catalyst for creativity and consciousness, urging us to consider the impact of our fashion choices and to actively promote a more sustainable industry.

Variations

The realm of paper bag vest tutorials extends beyond basic construction techniques, embracing a world of variations that cater to diverse styles and preferences. Embellishments, patterns, and the exploration of different paper bag sizes open up avenues for crafters to express their creativity and personalize their vests.

Embellishments: From delicate lace appliques to bold studs and beads, embellishments transform a simple paper bag vest into a captivating statement piece. Crafters can incorporate ribbons, tassels, or fabric scraps to add texture and visual interest, creating vests that reflect their unique personalities.
Patterns: The choice of paper bag can introduce distinct patterns and colors into the vest's design. Printed gift bags, striped grocery bags, or bags adorned with intricate motifs offer a myriad of possibilities. By combining different patterns or experimenting with patchwork techniques, crafters can create truly one-of-a-kind vests.
Color Combinations: The color palette of the paper bag and fabric scraps plays a crucial role in determining the vest's overall aesthetic. Vibrant hues can create bold and eye-catching pieces, while neutral tones exude a more understated elegance. Crafters can mix and match colors to create harmonious combinations or contrasting effects, allowing their creativity to shine through.
Size Variations: Paper bag vests come in various sizes, from cropped to long and oversized silhouettes. The size of the paper bag and the amount of fabric used influence the final dimensions of the vest. Crafters can adjust the pattern and construction techniques to accommodate different body types and desired styles, ensuring a perfect fit and flattering look.

These variations not only enhance the visual appeal of the paper bag vest but also allow crafters to adapt the tutorial to their individual needs and preferences. Whether seeking a bold and embellished statement piece or a versatile and understated staple, the tutorial provides a flexible framework for exploration and creative expression.

Challenges

The pursuit of crafting paper bag vests through tutorials inevitably encounters a trio of challenges: durability, water resistance, and the quest for suitable paper bags. These hurdles significantly impact the tutorial's outcomes and require innovative solutions to overcome.

Cause and Effect:

The durability of the paper bag vest directly correlates with the quality and strength of the paper bag used. Flimsy or low-quality paper bags may tear easily, compromising the vest's overall integrity. Similarly, the vest's water resistance is contingent upon the paper bag's ability to repel moisture. Without proper treatment or additional materials, paper bags tend to absorb water, leading to potential damage and discomfort.

Components:

Suitable paper bags serve as the foundation for successful paper bag vest construction. The tutorial relies on the availability of paper bags with appropriate size, shape, and sturdiness. Finding paper bags that meet these criteria can be challenging, especially when seeking specific colors, patterns, or designs.

Examples:

Real-life instances abound where these challenges manifest. Crafters attempting to use delicate paper bags often encounter tearing during the construction process. Additionally, vests made from untreated paper bags may succumb to water damage when exposed to rain or spills.

Applications:

Understanding these challenges empowers crafters to address them proactively. Selecting durable paper bags, applying water-resistant treatments, and reinforcing seams can enhance the vest's longevity and functionality. Furthermore, exploring alternative materials like laminated paper or coated fabrics can provide additional protection against moisture.

In conclusion, the challenges of durability, water resistance, and finding suitable paper bags are inherent to paper bag vest tutorials. However, these hurdles can be transformed into opportunities for creativity and problem-solving. By embracing these challenges, crafters can produce paper bag vests that are not only stylish but also durable and practical. This pursuit aligns with the broader theme of sustainable fashion, encouraging resourcefulness, upcycling, and the creation of unique, personalized clothing items.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common queries and misconceptions surrounding paper bag vest tutorials, providing clarity and guidance to aspiring crafters.

Question 1: What type of paper bag is suitable for creating a vest?

Answer: Opt for sturdy and durable paper bags, such as those used for groceries or shopping. Ensure the bag's size and shape align with your desired vest design.

Question 2: How can I enhance the durability of my paper bag vest?

Answer: To increase the vest's longevity, reinforce seams with additional stitching and consider using a fabric interfacing for added strength.

Question 3: Is it possible to make the vest water-resistant?

Answer: Applying a water-resistant spray or coating to the paper bag can protect the vest from moisture and stains. Alternatively, consider using a laminated paper bag or coated fabric.

Question 4: Can I use fabric scraps for embellishments or accents?

Answer: Absolutely! Fabric scraps can add unique patterns, textures, and colors to your vest. Experiment with different fabrics to create a personalized design.

Question 5: What sewing skills are required for this project?

Answer: Basic sewing skills, such as straight stitching and seam finishing, are sufficient for this tutorial. If you're new to sewing, there are numerous online resources and tutorials to guide you.

Question 6: Where can I find inspiration for different paper bag vest designs?

Answer: Explore online platforms like Pinterest, Instagram, and fashion blogs for a wealth of creative ideas and design inspiration. Additionally, check local thrift stores or craft fairs for unique paper bags and fabric scraps.

These FAQs provide valuable insights into the intricacies of paper bag vest tutorials, empowering you to create stylish and sustainable fashion pieces. In the next section, we delve deeper into the creative possibilities and variations of this upcycling project, inspiring you to personalize your vest and express your unique style.

Tips for Crafting a Unique Paper Bag Vest

This section provides detailed, practical advice to elevate your paper bag vest project and achieve unique and stylish results.

Tip 1: Choose a Sturdy Paper Bag:
Selecting a durable paper bag with reinforced handles ensures the vest's longevity. Sturdy bags, like those used for groceries or shopping, provide the necessary strength and structure.Tip 2: Customize the Fit:
Adjust the paper bag's dimensions to achieve your desired length and width. Alter the neckline or add side slits for a personalized fit that flatters your body type.Tip 3: Experiment with Color and Patterns:
Explore various paper bag designs, from vibrant prints to subtle patterns. Combine different bags or incorporate fabric scraps to create a unique color palette and eye-catching design.Tip 4: Add Embellished Details:
Enhance the vest with decorative elements such as lace, appliques, or beads. These embell embellish the vest to reflect your personal style.Tip 5: Reinforce Seams for Durability:
To ensure the vest's durability, reinforce seams with additional stitching. This simple step prevents tearing and prolongs the vest's lifespan.Tip 6: Apply Water-Resistant Coating:
Protect your vest from moisture by applying a water-resistant spray or coating. This treatment safeguards the paper bag from spills and keeps it looking its best.Tip 7: Accessorize and Layer:
Accessorize the vest with belts, scarves, or jewelry to elevate its style. Layer it over shirts, blouses, or dresses to create versatile outfits suitable for different occasions.Tip 8: Embrace Imperfections:
Embrace the inherent charm of repurposed materials. Minor imperfections add character and authenticity to your handmade vest, making it a unique and personal fashion statement.Summary:
By following these tips, you can create a paper bag vest that is not only stylish but also reflects your creativity and resourcefulness. Embrace sustainable fashion practices while expressing your unique personal style through this upcycling project.Transition to the Conclusion:
As you embark on this creative journey, remember that the paper bag vest tutorial is more than just a step-by-step guide. It is an invitation to explore your creativity, embrace challenges, and contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry. In the concluding section, we delve deeper into the impact of upcycling and sustainable fashion on our environment and society, highlighting how your handmade paper bag vest symbolizes a conscious and stylish choice.

Conclusion

The paper bag vest tutorial, with its focus on upcycling and sustainable fashion practices, offers a unique blend of creativity, resourcefulness, and environmental consciousness. This article has explored the key insights of this tutorial, highlighting the importance of embracing challenges, expressing personal style, and making conscious fashion choices.

Three main points stand out in this exploration:

Upcycling as a Creative Endeavor: The tutorial encourages the transformation of discarded paper bags into stylish fashion items, promoting creativity and resourcefulness.
Sustainable Fashion Practices: By utilizing upcycled materials, the tutorial aligns with the broader goal of reducing waste and promoting a circular fashion economy.
Personal Style and Customization: The tutorial empowers individuals to personalize their vests with embellishments, patterns, and design variations, reflecting their unique style and preferences.

These points are interconnected, as they collectively contribute to a more sustainable and conscious approach to fashion. Upcycling paper bags not only reduces waste but also allows individuals to express their personal style through unique and handcrafted items. The customization options encourage creativity and resourcefulness, promoting a fashion industry that values individuality and responsible consumption.

As we reflect on the significance of the paper bag vest tutorial, it becomes evident that fashion can be a powerful tool for positive change. By embracing upcycling and sustainable practices, we can contribute to a future where creativity and environmental consciousness go hand in hand. Let us continue to explore and support initiatives that promote a more ethical and sustainable fashion industry, where the clothes we wear reflect our values and respect for the planet.